Substance+Abuse

Illegal Drugs Outline Holly Funk 8B

Mrs. Dow Edited This

**I. **** Marijuana ** ** A. **__ Appearance/Names __ ** 1. ** It is a dry, shredded green and brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves derived from the hemp plant //Cannabis sativa//. ** a. ** Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint) or in a pipe or bong. Marijuana has also appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, sometimes in combination with another drug, such as crack or tobacco. It can also be mixed into foods or used to brew a tea. **i **All forms of cannabis are mind-altering (psychoactive) drugs. ** 2. ** Street Names ** a. ** grass ** b. ** pot ** c. ** weed ** d. ** dope ** B. **__ Effects/Statistics __ ** 1. ** Short term effects ** a. ** Short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety. ** 2. ** Long term effects ** a. ** The use of marijuana can produce adverse physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral effects. It can impair short-term memory and judgment and distort perception. Because marijuana affects brain systems that are still maturing through young adulthood, its use by teens may have a negative effect on their development. ** b. ** Additionally, studies have shown an association between chronic marijuana use and increased rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and schizophrenia. ** c. ** Contrary to popular belief, marijuana can be addictive. ** ii ** Marijuana addiction is also linked to a withdrawal syndrome similar to that of nicotine withdrawal, which can make it hard to quit. People trying to quit report irritability, sleeping difficulties, craving, and anxiety. They also show increased aggression on psychological tests. ** 3. ** Stats ** a. ** Use ** iii ** Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. ** iv ** According to the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 104 million Americans aged 12 or older have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, representing 41.5% of the U.S. population in that age group. ** v ** A 2002 SAMHSA report, //Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns and Implications, //concludes that the younger children are when they first use marijuana, the more likely they are to use cocaine and heroin and become dependent on drugs as adults. � The report found that 62% of adults age 26 or older who initiated marijuana before they were 15 years old reported that they had used cocaine in their lifetime. � More than 9% reported they had used heroin � 53.9% reported non-medical use of psychotherapeutics. ** vi ** This compares to a 0.6% rate of lifetime use of cocaine, a 0.1% rate of lifetime use of heroin and a 5.1% rate of lifetime non-medical use of psychotherapeutics for those who never used marijuana. ** vii ** ** Percent of Students Reporting Marijuana Use, 2008�2009 **


 * |||| ** 8th Grade **  ||||  ** 10th Grade **  ||||  ** 12th Grade **  ||
 * ^  ||  ** 2008 **  ||  ** 2009 **  ||  ** 2008 **  ||  ** 2009 **  ||  ** 2008 **  ||  ** 2009 **  ||
 * ** Past month ** ||  5.8% ||  6.5%  ||  13.8%  ||  15.9%  ||  19.4%  ||  20.6%  ||
 * ** Past year ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 10.9 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 11.8  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 23.9  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 26.7  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 32.4  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 32.8  ||
 * ** Lifetime ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 14.6 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 15.7  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 29.9  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 32.3  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 42.6  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 42.0  ||

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">II. **** Cocaine ** ** A. **__ Appearance/Names __ ** 1. ** Cocaine ** a. ** The powdered, hydrochloride salt form of the drug can be snorted or dissolved in water and injected. ** b. ** Street Names ** viii ** Coca ** ix ** Coke ** x ** Dust ** 2. ** Crack ** a. ** Crack is cocaine that has not been neutralized by an acid to make the hydrochlorida salt. This form of cocaine comes in a rock crystal that can be heated and its vapors smoked. ** b. ** The term "crack" comes from the crackling sound made when it is heated ** c. ** Street Names ** xi ** Coke ** xii ** Dust ** d. ** More Details ** B. **__ Effects/Statistics __ ** 1. ** Effects � Angry, hostile, and anxious feelings. � Violent behavior. � Confusion. � Mental illness that looks like schizophrenia (paranoid feelings, picking at your skin, hallucinations). The user can also be haunted by his or her thoughts. � Increased physical activity. � Loss of appetite, which can result in severe weight loss (anorexia). � Inability to sleep. � Increased heart and pulse rate. � Permanent damage to the blood vessels in the brain. which can lead to strokes. � Convulsions and body tremors. � Chest pain and raised blood pressure, which could lead to a heart attack and then death. � Irregular heartbeat. � AIDS or hepatitis resulting from shared needles. ** a. ** Cocaine ** i ** Short term effects � The duration of cocaine�s immediate euphoric effects depends upon the route of administration. The faster the absorption, the more intense the high. Also, the faster the absorption, the shorter the duration of action. The high from snorting is relatively slow in onset, and may last 15 to 30 minutes, while that from smoking may last 5 to 10 minutes. ** ii ** Long term effects � Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Physical effects of cocaine use include constricted blood vessels and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Users may also experience feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.

** b. ** Crack ** iii ** Short term effects � The duration of cocaine�s immediate euphoric effects depends upon the route of administration. The faster the absorption, the more intense the high. Also, the faster the absorption, the shorter the duration of action. The high from snorting is relatively slow in onset, and may last 15 to 30 minutes, while that from smoking may last 5 to 10 minutes. ** iv ** Long term effects � Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Physical effects of cocaine use include constricted blood vessels and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Users may also experience feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. � In addition to the usual risks associated with cocaine use, crack users may experience acute respiratory problems, including coughing, shortness of breath, lung trauma, and bleeding. Crack cocaine smoking also can cause aggressive and paranoid behavior. ** c. ** Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug. ** d. ** This substance can be snorted, smoked, or injected. ** 2. ** Stats: Use ** a. ** Cocaine ** v ** According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 36.8 million Americans aged 12 and older had tried cocaine at least once in their lifetimes, representing 14.7% of the population aged 12 and older. Approximately 5.3 million (2.1%) has used cocaine in the past year and 1.9 million (0.7%) had used cocaine within the past month. ** vi ** ** Percent of Students Reporting Cocaine Use, 2007�2008 **


 * |||| ** 8th Grade **  ||||  ** 10th Grade **  ||||  ** 12th Grade **  ||
 * ^  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  ||
 * ** Past month ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.9% || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.8%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.3%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.2%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.0%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.9%  ||
 * ** Past year ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.0 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.8  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 3.4  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 3.0  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 5.2  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 4.4  ||
 * ** Lifetime ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 3.1 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 3.0  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 5.3  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 4.5  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 7.8  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 7.2  ||

** b. ** Crack ** vii ** According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), approximately 8.4 million Americans aged 12 or older reported trying crack cocaine at least once during their lifetimes, representing 3.4% of the population aged 12 or older. Additional 2008 NSDUH data indicate that approximately 1.1 million (0.4%) reported past year crack cocaine use and 359,000 (0.1%) reported past month crack cocaine use ** viii ** ** Percent of Students Reporting Crack Cocaine Use, 2007�2008 **


 * |||| ** 8th Grade **  ||||  ** 10th Grade **  ||||  ** 12th Grade **  ||
 * ^  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> ** 2008 **  ||
 * ** Past month ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.6% || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.5%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 057%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.5%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.9%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 0.8%  ||
 * ** Past year ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.3 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.1  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.3  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.3  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.9  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 1.6  ||
 * ** Lifetime ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.1 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.0  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.3  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.0  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 3.2  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> 2.8  ||

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">III. **** Club Drugs ** ** A. ** __Appearance/Names__ ** B. ** Across the country, teens and young adults enjoy all-night dance parties known as "raves" and increasingly encounter more than just music. Dangerous substances known collectively as club drugs are gaining popularity. ** 1. **** MDMA ** ** a. ** Ecstasy ** b. ** X  ** 2. ** Rohypnol ** a. ** Roofie ** b. ** Roche ** 3. ** GHB ** a. ** G  ** b. ** Liquid ecstasy ** 4. ** Methamphetamine ** a. ** Meth ** b. ** Speed ** c. ** Chalk ** d. ** Ice ** 5. ** Ketamine ** a. ** Special K  ** b. ** K   ** 6. ** Pills/liquid/powder ** C. **__ Effects/Statistics __ ** 1. ** Effects ** a. ** MDMA ** xiii ****MDMA** is a stimulant and a hallucinogen. Young people may use Ecstasy to improve their moods or get energy to keep dancing; however, chronic abuse of MDMA appears to damage the brain's ability to think and regulate emotion, memory, sleep, and pain. ** b. ** Rohypnol ** xiv ** **Rohypnol** is tasteless and odorless. It mixes easily in carbonated beverages. Rohypnol may cause individuals under the influence of the drug to forget what happened. Other effects include low blood pressure, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and stomach upset. ** c. ** GHB ** xv ** **GHB** may be made in homes by using recipes with common ingredients. At lower doses, GHB can relax the user, but, as the dose increases, the sedative effects may result in sleep and eventual coma or death. ** d. ** Meth ** xvi ** **Meth** is often made in home laboratories. Methamphetamine use can cause serious health concerns, including memory loss, aggression, violence, psychotic behavior, and heart problems. Methamphetamine is one of the most addictive of the club drugs. Methamphetamine is a stimulant with dangerous neurotoxic properties. Methamphetamine is easy to produce: "meth labs" concoct the drug from common nonprescription medications. Methamphetamine is a white, crystalline powder. ** e. ** Ketamine ** xvii ** **Ketamine** is an anesthetic. Use of a small amount of ketamine results in loss of attention span, learning ability, and memory. At higher doses, ketamine can cause delirium, amnesia, high blood pressure, depression, and severe breathing problems. ** 2. ** Because some club drugs are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, they are easy for people to slip into drinks. Some of these drugs (GHB and Rohypnol because of their sedative and intoxicating effects) have been associated with sexual assaults, and for that reason they are referred to as "date rape drugs." ** 3. ** Although users may think these substances are harmless, research has shown that club drugs can produce a range of unwanted effects, including hallucinations, paranoia, amnesia, and, in some cases, death. When used with alcohol, these drugs can be even more harmful. Some club drugs work on the same brain mechanisms as alcohol and, therefore, can dangerously boost the effects of both substances. Also, there are great differences among individuals in how they react to these substances and no one can predict how he or she will react. Some people have been known to have extreme, even fatal, reactions the first time they use club drugs. And studies suggest club drugs found in party settings are often adulterated or impure and thus even more dangerous. ** 4. ** Statistics ** a. ** According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 12.9 million Americans aged 12 or older tried ecstasy (MDMA) at least once in their lifetimes, representing 5.2% of the U.S. population in that age group. The estimated number of past year ecstasy users in 2008 was approximately 2.1 million (0.9% of the population aged 12 or older) and the number of past month ecstasy users was 555,000 (0.2%). ** b. ** Among 12�17 year olds surveyed as part of the 2008 NSDUH, 0.4% reported past month ecstasy use. Additional NSDUH results indicate that 0.9% of 18�25 year olds and 0.1% of those aged 26 or older reported past month use of ecstasy.  ** c. ** Results of the 2008 __Monitoring the Future__ survey indicate that 2.4% of eighth graders, 4.3% of tenth graders, and 6.2% of twelfth graders reported lifetime use of MDMA. In 2007, these percentages were 2.3%, 5.2%, and 6.5%, respectively. 

** Alcohol info **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">○ Research shows 80% of high school student have tried it  - Alcohol is made when grains, fruits, and vegetables are fermented <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">○ The sugar in the food is changed into alcohol after many year - Alcohol is a natural product and it can be used for things other than drinking - When people consume alcohol it get's into the blood stream of the person and it can affect their brain <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">○ It effects the way they act - Over 250 deaths have been recorded because of alcohol related problems - Drinking alcohol can lead to permanent brain damage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">○ Bodily problems such as heart, lungs, liver, and many others as well - It is absorbed by the stomach, flows into the bloodstream, and effects the tissue of the body. - Drinking alcohol can hurt you and the people around you. - By the time students enter high school 80% have tried alcohol and 62% have drank too much. - Alcohol abuse is the third leading cause of death in the United States - 1 in every 13 adults abuse alcohol - Underage drinkers lose 10% of what they have learned ||
 * The legal age for alcohol is 21

** I. **** Prescription Drugs ** A. __ Prescription Drug Abuse __ 1. Prescription drug abuse is when someone takes a medication that was prescribed for someone else 2. Someone takes their own prescription in a manner or dosage other than what was prescribed. 3. Abuse can include taking a friend�s or relative�s prescription to get high, to help with studying, or even to treat pain.

B. __ Things Mistaken about Prescription Drugs __ 1. There's a reason that prescription drugs are intended to be taken under the direction of a doctor: <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 128.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. if used improperly they can be dangerous. 2. Teens are making the decision to abuse prescription medicines based on misinformation. 3. In fact, many people think that abusing prescription drugs is safer than abusing illicit drugs such as heroin. 4. As the facts will tell you, prescription drugs can have dangerous short- and long-term health consequences when used incorrectly or by someone other than for whom they were intended.

C. __ Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. Opioids (such as the pain relievers OxyContin and Vicodin), central nervous system depressants (e.g., Xanax, Valium), and stimulants (e.g., Concerta, Adderall) are the most commonly abused prescription drugs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. Drugs available without a prescription�also known as over-the-counter drugs�can also be abused. DXM (dextromethorphan), the active cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cough and cold medications, is one example. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. It is sometimes abused to get high, which requires large doses (more than what is on the package instructions) that can be dangerous D. __ How Prescription Drugs are abused __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. Some people take other people�s drugs for their intended purposes (to relieve pain, to stay awake, or to fall asleep). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. Others take them to get high, often at larger doses than prescribed, or by a different route of administration. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. Most prescription drugs come in pill or capsule form. Sometimes, drug users break or crush the pill or capsule, then swallow the drug, sniff it, or �cook� it�turn it to liquid�and then inject it. E. __ The Problem with Abusing Prescription Drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. Virtually every medication presents some risk of undesirable side effects, sometimes even serious ones. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. Doctors consider the potential benefits and risks to each patient before prescribing medications. They understand that drugs affect the body in many ways and take into account things like the drug�s form and dose, its possible side effects, and the potential for addiction or withdrawal. For example, doctors know how to change the dose of a painkiller to prevent withdrawal symptoms. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. People who abuse drugs might not understand how these factors may affect them or that prescription drugs do more than cause a high, help them stay awake, help them relax, or relieve pain. a. __ Form and dose __ Doctors know how long it takes for a pill or capsule to dissolve in the stomach, release drugs to the bloodstream, and reach the brain. They also take into account a person�s weight, how long they�ve been prescribed the medication, and what other medications they are taking. When abused, prescription drugs may be taken in inappropriate doses or by routes of administration that change the way the drugs act in the body, risking overdose. For example, when people who abuse oxycodone (OxyContin) crush and inhale the pills, a 12-hour dose hits their central nervous system all at once�which can be lethal.

b. __ Side effects __ Prescription drugs are designed to treat a particular illness or condition, but they often have other effects on the body, some of which can be dangerous. These are referred to as side effects. For example, OxyContin stops pain, but it also causes constipation and drowsiness and slows breathing. Stimulants such as Adderall increase attention but also raise blood pressure and heart rate. These side effects can be made worse when prescription drugs are not taken as prescribed or are abused in combination with other substances�including alcohol, other prescription drugs, and even over-the-counter drugs, such as cold medicines. For instance, some people mix alcohol and benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium), both of which can slow breathing. This combination could stop breathing altogether, requiring emergency care, or worse�it could be fatal. c. __ Addiction __ Studies show that when people take a medication as it is prescribed for a medical condition�such as pain or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)�they usually do not become addicted, because the medication is prescribed in dosages and forms that are considered safe. The drug is compensating for a problem, which makes the person feel better, not high. But medications that affect the brain can change the way it functions�especially when they are taken repeatedly. They can alter the reward system, making it harder to feel good without the drug and leading to some of the intense cravings people develop, which make it hard to stop using. This is no different from what can happen when someone takes illicit drugs�and addiction is a real possibility. d. __ Withdrawal __ Taking drugs repeatedly over a period of time causes changes in the body as well as the brain, resulting in physical dependence. That is, the body adapts to the drug�s presence, and when its use is abruptly stopped, the person can experience withdrawal symptoms. This can happen even in someone who is prescribed medications and takes them appropriately�which is why a physician should be consulted when stopping prescription medications as well as when starting them. The withdrawal symptoms depend on the drug itself�for opioids, they can include nausea, chills, vomiting, muscle pain, and diarrhea. These symptoms can often be controlled or diminished with proper medical supervision.

F. __ The Number of Teens that Abuse Prescription Drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. In 2008, 1.9 million youth (or 7.7 percent) age 12 to 17 abused prescription drugs <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. 1.6 million (6.5 percent) abusing a prescription pain medication. That makes painkillers among the most commonly abused drugs by teens after tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. Each day an average of 2,000 teenagers age 12 to 17 used a prescription drug without a doctor�s guidance for the first time. G. __ Common Effects of Prescription Drugs __ 1. Abusing prescription drugs can have negative short- and long-term health consequences. Opioids, central nervous system depressants, and stimulants each affect the brain and body in different ways. a. Opioids attach to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. When opioid drugs attach to these receptors, they can diminish the perception of pain. They also affect areas of the brain that deal with pleasure�which is why they are often abused and why they can be addictive. Opioids also cause drowsiness, constipation, and physical dependence with repeated use (or abuse). An overdose of opioids can cause breathing to slow down so much as to cause death. Overdose can occur when people take too high a dose; when they crush a time-release pill or capsule before swallowing, sniffing, or injecting the drug; or when they combine opioids with central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, Valium, or Xanax. Also, some formulations of opioid medications contain high doses. These are typically used to overcome the loss of the medication�s effect after a person takes it over a long period of time to relieve chronic pain. However, someone who has not used opioids previously can overdose on these formulations, since their bodies are not used to the drugs� effects. b. Central nervous system (CNS) Depressents slow down activity in the brain. These drugs increase the activity of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical that inhibits the activity of other brain cells, called neurons. When GABA is increased, people can feel drowsy or calm, an effect that is helpful for those suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders. Too much GABA, though, is not a good thing. It can cause confusion, slowed breathing, and death. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are CNS depressant medications; and alcohol�although not a medication�is also a CNS depressant. Combining them can be very risky. Since CNS depressants work by slowing the brain�s activity, stopping their use suddenly after long-term use can cause seizures, because the brain cells become overactive. This reaction can be prevented when these medications are taken and stopped under a doctor�s care. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">a. Stimulants have chemical structures that are similar to certain key brain neurotransmitters, the chemicals that allow nerve cells to send messages to each other. Stimulants increase the levels of these chemicals in the brain and body. This can increase blood pressure and heart rate and open up the pathways of the respiratory system, which can increase alertness, attention, and energy. Again, too much of a good thing is not good. An overdose of stimulants can cause anxiety, panic, tremors, irregular heartbeat, dangerously high body temperatures, and even heart attack. People who stop taking stimulants after some time may suffer from fatigue and depression because the brain adapts and decreases its natural response to the brain chemicals that stimulants resemble. H. __ Prescription Drugs are not safer than illegal drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. Many people think that abusing prescription drugs is safer than abusing illicit drugs like heroin because the manufacturing of prescription drugs is regulated or because they are prescribed by doctors. That�s true, but it doesn�t mean that these drugs are safe for someone who was not prescribed the drug or when they are taken in ways other than as prescribed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. Prescription drugs can have powerful effects in the brain and body, and they act on the same brain sites as illicit drugs. Opioid painkillers act on the same sites in the brain as heroin; prescription stimulants have effects in common with cocaine. And people sometimes take the medications in ways that can be very dangerous in both the short and long term (e.g., crushing pills and snorting or injecting the contents). Also, abusing prescription drugs is illegal�and that includes sharing prescriptions with friends.

I. __ Over the counter drugs and prescription drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. Cough and cold medications are some of the most commonly abused over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Many contain an ingredient called dextromethorphan (DXM). However, to get the �high� or �dissociative� state that abusers crave, large quantities are needed. At high doses, DXM causes effects similar to that of the drugs ketamine or PCP by affecting similar sites in the brain. Ketamine and PCP are considered �dissociative� drugs, which make people feel disconnected from their normal selves. They affect memory, feelings, and thoughts. DXM is similar, and its abuse can affect control over movement; cause numbness, nausea, and vomiting; and can increase heart rate and blood pressure. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. When taken as directed, OTCs are safe and effective, but high doses can cause problems. And, some OTC medications can produce dangerous health effects when taken with alcohol. It is important to understand these risks, read the bottle labels, and take OTC medications only as directed.

J. __ Stop yourself from becoming addicted to Prescription drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. all prescription drugs have the potential for abuse and addiction�many drugs don�t even act in the brain. For example, antibiotics, which are used for infections, are not addictive. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. You (and your parents) should read the information that comes with the prescription and that is written on the container. These will include the doctor�s instructions for how much of the drug to take and how often, as well as warnings about possible side effects. Read the label and learn whether you should take the drug with or without food, whether the drug will make you drowsy, and whether you can take it with other prescription or over-the-counter medicines. You can protect yourself by taking prescription drugs **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">only ** according to these instructions. That includes the dosage prescribed and the length of time. If you have a question about a drug that has been prescribed for you, have your parents call your doctor. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. If the drug is creating problems for you (e.g., if you experience unpleasant side effects or think you may be becoming addicted), you should consult with your doctor immediately to see if a change in dosage or scheduling of the medication is needed, or if it should be stopped altogether. But do not make these decisions on your own�there can be risks to changing dosage or stopping a medication abruptly. K. __ Helping Someone who is abusing drugs __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. When someone has a drug problem, it�s not always easy to know what to do. If you are concerned about someone�s drug use (illicit or prescription), encourage him or her to talk to a parent, school guidance counselor, or other trusted adult. There are also anonymous resources, such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) and the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) is a crisis hotline that can help with many problems, not just suicide. This includes problems due to drug use. Family and friends who are concerned about a loved one or anyone interested in mental health treatment referrals can call this Lifeline. Callers are connected with a professional nearby who will talk with them about what they�re feeling or about concerns for family and friends. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. In addition, the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP)�offered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration�s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment�refers callers to treatment facilities, support groups, and other local organizations that can provide help for their specific needs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">IV. Steroids <span style="color: #404040; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">A. Facts 1. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anabolic steroids were developed in the late 1930s primarily to treat hypogonadism, a condition in which the testes do not produce sufficient testosterone for normal growth, development, and sexual functioning. The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other diseases.

2. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anabolic steroids can be taken orally, injected intramuscularly, or rubbed on the skin when in the form of gels or creams. These drugs are often used in patterns called cycling, which involves taking multiple doses of steroids over a specific period of time, stopping for a period, and starting again. Users also frequently combine several different types of steroids in a process known as stacking. By doing this, users believe that the different steroids will interact to produce an effect on muscle size that is greater than the effects of using each drug individually. 

3. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle in laboratory animals. This led to abuse of these compounds by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">B. Statistics 1. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Percent of Students Reporting Steroid Drug Use, 2007-2008 **


 * |||| **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8th Grade **  ||||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10th Grade **  ||||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12th Grade **  ||
 * ^  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2008 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2007 **  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2008 **  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Past month ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.4% || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.5%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.5%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.5%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.0%  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.0  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Past year ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.8 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.9  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.1  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">0.9  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.4  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.5  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Lifetime ** || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.5 || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.4  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.8  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">1.4  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">2.2  || <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; text-align: center;">2.2  ||

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">Regarding the ease by which one can obtain steroids, 16.8% of eighth graders, 24.5% of tenth graders, and 35.2% of twelfth graders surveyed in 2008 reported that steroids were "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain. Furthermore, 60.8% of twelfth graders surveyed reported that using steroids was a "great risk.�  2. As part of a 2009 NIDA-funded study, teens were asked if they ever tried steroids�even once. Only 1.3 percent of 8th- and 10th-graders and 2.2 percent of 12th-graders ever tried steroids. Abuse is also well known to occur in a number of professional sports, including fields such as bodybuilding and baseball.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">C. Effects of Overusing 1. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anabolic steroid abuse has been associated with a wide range of adverse side effects ranging from some that are physically unattractive, such as acne and breast development in men, to others that are life threatening. Most of the effects are reversible if the abuser stops taking the drug, but some can be permanent. In addition to the physical effects, anabolic steroids can also cause increased irritability and aggression.

2. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Some of the health consequences that can occur in both males and females include liver cancer, heart attacks, and elevated cholesterol levels. In addition to this, steroid use among adolescents may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones resulting in stunted growth. 

3. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Some of the health consequences that can occur in both males and females include liver cancer, heart attacks, and elevated cholesterol levels. In addition to this, steroid use among adolescents may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones resulting in stunted growth.

4. Steroid abuse can also have an effect on behavior. Many users report feeling good about themselves while on anabolic steroids, but researchers report that extreme mood swings also can occur, including manic-like symptoms leading to violence. This is because anabolic steroids act in a part of the brain called the limbic system, which influences mood and is also involved in learning and memory.

5. Steroids can also lead to other changes in mood, such as feelings of depression or irritability. Depression, which can be life-threatening, often is seen when the drugs are stopped and may contribute to the continued use of anabolic steroids. Researchers also report that users may suffer from paranoia, jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment stemming from feelings of invincibility

6. A major health consequence from abusing anabolic steroids can include prematurely stunted growth through early skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes. This means that teens risk remaining short for the remainder of their lives if they take anabolic steroids before they stop growing. Other effects include jaundice (yellowish coloring of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in LDL (bad cholesterol), decreases in HDL (good cholesterol), severe acne, trembling, and in very rare cases liver and kidney tumors.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">D. How people misuse Steroids 1. Some steroid users pop pills. Others use hypodermic needles to inject steroids directly into muscles. When users take drugs without regard for their legality or their adverse health effects they are called "abusers." Steroid abusers have been known to take doses 10 to 100 times higher than the amount prescribed by a doctor for medical reasons

2. Research has shown that there is an effective program for preventing steroid abuse among players on high school sports teams. In the ATLAS (for guys) and ATHENA (for girls) programs, coaches and sports team leaders discuss the potential effects of anabolic steroids and other illicit drugs on immediate sports performance, and they teach how to refuse offers of drugs. They also discuss how strength training and proper nutrition can help adolescents build their bodies without the use of steroids. Later, special trainers teach the players proper weightlifting techniques. An ongoing series of studies has shown that this multi-component, team-centered approach reduces new steroid abuse by 50 percent and, at the same time, produces the kind of athletic performance that the teen desires.

Smoking Outline Smoking [] - White and Hispanic teens are the more likely to start smoking at an early age than any other ethnic group. - � of all Americans that start smoking will die because of their habit. o 443,000 people die a year from smoking o Kills more than car accidents, alcohol, suicide, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs. - Risk o Cancer � Lung, Larynx (voice box), Oral cavity (mouth, tongue, and lips), Pharynx (throat), Esophagus (tube connecting the throat to the stomach), Stomach, Pancreas, Cervix, Kidney, Bladder, Acute myeloid leukemia � Accounts for less than HALF of the deaths from smoking o Causes heart disease, stroke, aneurysms, bronchitis, emphysema o Women have risk of damaging their reproductive system and hurt their babies � Reproductive system � Tobacco reduces fertility � Hurt babies � High risk of miscarriage � Stillborn babies � Premature babies � Low weigh infants � Has been linked with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) o Makes pneumonia and asthma worse o Linked to bone thinning, cataracts, gum disease, hip fractures, and peptic ulcers o Worsen or cause blood thinning in the arms and the legs, (PVD) � Vascular Surgeons will not do work on patients blood vessels if they continue to smoke and PVD. [] - Second hand smoke= Environmental Tobacco Smoke or (ETS) - 2 kinds of Tobacco Smoking 1. side stream smoke (smoke that comes from the end of a lighted cigarette, pipe, or cigar) a. higher cause of cancer i. causes breast cancer 2. mainstream smoke (smoke that is exhaled by a smoker)